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Evolution Korea

South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. However, it's healthier than might be expected.

The country is in search of an alternative development model. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for the ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend emerging.

Origins

In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan along with styles of art and a written language and paper making.

Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and senior officials were from the aristocracy of the land, while the majority of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or to build fortifications.

At the close of the period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest region of the peninsula, and was at war against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male centered concept of filiopiety as a law in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families, and had to be obeyed and respected by all people, even their children and grandchildren.

Goryeo, which would rule from 918 until 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also refined. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.

The evolution of Korea

The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form graves lined with stone, with precious objects like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, and made from single large stones are common in the country.

In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. After that the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not believe to be a legitimate Korean state.

After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern territories in Manchuria, and its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a while.

The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. Silla, with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.

As Korea is entering a post-crisis period its development model appears to be in flux. People who are shocked by the cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand champions of the old system seek to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears of job loss.

Analysts and academics are divided over the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article focuses on the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development including democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies key factors that are the driving force behind these developments.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views among this group. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there wasn't enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with read more their beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to comprehend. The level of doubt is similar to that of the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced forms of life.

In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching students and bringing Christ to them. An increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, following a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. The event attracted a large audience of scientists, professors and church leaders.

The success of this event resulted in the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The event was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.

KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, which covered its activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and also a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the country in churches and universities.

A KACR success was seen at the KAIST University in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in creationism that they raised enough money and support needed to build a small museum on campus featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.

In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches, which hold seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.

The evolution of South Korea

In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts, as well as other foreign fashion elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. At this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other musical instruments.

The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The new regime's main challenge lies in the proper balance between state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also requires a change in the incentives monitoring and discipline policies that been a part of the pre-crisis system. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.

Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border.

The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He controlled a part of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He became a rival to Goguryeo.

However the rule of his was short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as an heir state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the central government system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. From then on the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.